What Pros Are Saying About Essay Topics for the Handmaids Tale and How It impacts You

What Pros Are Saying About Essay Topics for the Handmaid's Tale and How It impacts You Though many of the timeless mascot platformers before had the ability to make do without a story, the truth is that today just a little investment in the character wouldn't be out of line. Perhaps the most important reason of all would need to be the people's attitudes. It is essential for every human to comprehend who he or she is and what's their purpose of being here. The point of this game is to demonstrate that they're in competition over languages and the creation of the words. As a consequence, it shows us how an overly controlled world only contributes to destruction in the long run. Offred tries to still recognize that this regime isn't right and she desperately attempts to hold onto the notion of wanting to escape. She wishes to understand the effects of a women-right-less society. This society utilizes a systematic approach to create offspring, to put it differently, for the republic to grow. Initially, religion appears to be the central element of Gileadean society, defining all elements of life. It's empty and there's a scarcity of people and kids. This ignorance, in her and in different ladies, may have become the failure. The handmaids didn't even have sufficient freedom to keep up their real names. By examining a few of the names and the significance they have, the reader can start to comprehend in what way the characters represent certain desired and undesired social traits. Employing a country that the reader is familiarized with and writing about aspects like pollution and feminism that are key issues in society in our time effectively produces a feeling of fear within the reader. As such, he is able to get information that is as close to the fact a first-person interpretation of those facts. Through this relationship, he is able to see the weaknesses rather than the strengths of men. The story becomes basically ignored between the start and the close of the game. Women are the stronger characters since they are the ones that are ready to procreate. The author connects different scenes to emphasize the subject of the story that's courage. The Handmaid's Taleessay proves that though the novel is an exaggeration, it portrays the simple fact that women continue to be op pressed in today's world. Religion plays an important function in fear. They're put in public so that everyone has the ability to see them. You always intuitively understand once an intriguing essay idea is really the very best idea for you. This demonstrates how people aren't truly devoted to the religious side, it is only a formality in their opinion. It's possible to come up with a comprehension of the character from her description of herself. They've been oppressed to the point at which they've adapted to their assigned' roles. The names appear to suggest that it's a religious war they fight. Memory loss somehow was among the side results. Supermoms are good because of this. The entire idea of falling is hugely passive and provides the impression of a rather powerless action. Offred feels she's doing something wrong and feels guilt each time. To want is to get a weakness. You just procreate to produce babies. Violation of the norms wasn't tolerated. Even though it is very clear that females are oppressed in Gilead, it may be argued they hold an advantage and might even be oppressors themselves. Then, the issue of public acknowledgment comes out. Use quotations should they help. The characters arrive in pairs too. Consider in what way the listeners react to the assortment of tales. Marthasexpected to do household chores 3.

How Long Should The Topic Of A Research Paper Be?

How Long Should The Topic Of A Research Paper Be?It can be hard to know when you should raise the topic of a research paper to become longer. If your topic is too short, it might not be properly understood by readers. If it is too long, it can be difficult to comprehend or may be too confusing for readers to follow.Most researchers use the topic of a research paper as a starting point. They gather information and then begin writing. However, many have become so used to having a long topic that they don't think twice about raising it or prolonging it for no good reason. What should the length of a research paper be? How long should the topic of a research paper be?A good question to ask yourself when writing a research paper is: What type of information do I want to cover? What will I get out of my work? A good researcher should take the time to consider these questions before going about writing a research paper.Is it best to write a research paper with a particular topic in mind? Mo st often, research papers are not written for one specific subject, but rather for a topic area. If the topic of a research paper is chosen correctly, it should be easy to decipher and give information from readers.How long should the topic of a research paper to be depends on the purpose of the paper. Some researchers choose to write their papers with a specific topic in mind in order to get specific results. Others write research papers for the sake of the topic. They want to write about something that is interesting or to keep the readers interested. They may not necessarily have a specific goal or purpose, but the reader should still understand the research topic.The length of the research paper also depends on the number of pages you plan to write. If you're planning to go back and revise your paper later, it may be a good idea to write several copies of the research paper and turn them into outlines. You'll know which parts of the paper you need to revisit later.If you're writ ing a research paper in an English class, the length of the paper is most likely determined by the topic. If you plan to teach, for example, you may want to keep your paper very basic so that students can quickly read it and understand what they need to learn. If you plan to write the paper for publication, you may want to experiment with topics that are less complicated.How long should the topic of a research paper to be depends on many different factors. Your research topic should be carefully thought out in order to determine how long your paper should be. If you're unsure, you may want to write a couple of versions of the research paper so that you can make a more informed decision about its length.

The Most Popular Nursing Research Paper Topic

The Most Popular Nursing Research Paper Topic Getting confused and frustrated whilst on the lookout for research paper topics is a typical condition. Before beginning writing your research paper, it's important to ascertain the manner in which you wish to appeal your audience. Topics you receive from news stories are in the news since they are interesting. A great research project ought to be exciting to the writer. You may also choose to skip the entire procedure and ask professionals to look after your research paper. Research paper outline examples are amazingly tricky for most students since they are so lengthy. As a nursing student, you will be asked to write a minumum of one research paper if not more. A nursing research paper stipulates a means for instructors to evaluate how well you've learned the material that's been covered in class in addition to how well you do at applying what you've learned. At the most appropriate time of writing, it is among the most recent advances to be in a place to make stem cells from other sorts of cells in the body. The writing also enables you to learn something you earned previously and understand it more deeply. It is simpler to master care plan writing in the event that you will make your own template. There are a lot of various styles and formats that dictate how papers ought to be structured and written. Key Pieces of Nursing Research Paper Topic Otherwise here are some objectives, simply speaking, which will be helpful to know should you get asked at interview. Failing doesn't mean that you have to set your career on hold, too. Nurses fail for any number of factors. Learn more on the topic of the research we fund and the application practice. One strategy is to choose a topic in which you're well-versed. Borrow any idea you want or make a new topic on the grounds of those. A lot of interesting research paper topics can be made on the topic of nursing. If a specific topic really interests you, make certain to read around it to fully understand your region of specialism. Going through your textbooks can let you get some ideas on the topics you're able to utilize. There are really plenty of unique topics to discuss, therefore we'll provide you with the most interesting and distinctive topics that may interest you. Proposal Essay Topics NursingGreat opportunities to purchase paper online are supplied by TOP online writing services for learners from all around the world. Contemplating the importance of essay topics towards writing impeccable essays, it is necessary for students to comprehend how to pick the best essay topics. The Ultimate Nursing Research Paper Topic Trick Bear in mind, the standard of your paper will be decided by the evidence that you decide to use and strength of your argument. You must find relevant info, analyze the findings and share success. Some issues are caused by the dearth of universal legislation while some are direct outcomes of how nurses interact with one another and with their patients. The content in your resea rch paper ought to be accurate which means that you must perform extensive research in advance ant tally the results accurately to present your results a high degree of credibility. After all, academic writing is a set of skills, and having an illustration of very good writing facing you will show you precisely what you should move towards. If you take a look at lots of writing services online, you'll receive a notion of the variety of fees charged by the best writers. You must think about earning your subject. A dull subject can't earn a top grade as there's no enthusiasm to write. If You Read Nothing Else Today, Read This Report on Nursing Research Paper Topic Another strategy is to choose an element of nursing that perhaps you're much less well-versed in, but want to find out more about. In the event the initial care provided isn't successful a nurse must produce a different plan of action. You are unable to recognize the patient's health problems with no suitable asses sment conducted. Nursing patients with communication issues is an ambitious endeavor. Developing a care plan enables the nurse to create a list of diagnoses for the individual. Developing a nursing care program is frequently an unwanted undertaking for most nursing students and yet, it's the core of nursing practice. Provide a possible way to solve the ever-rising price of healthcare. Find out more about the arguments for and against a universal healthcare program. Your paper could revolve around the best ways nurses can deal with stress at work. The very first one was the dilemma of direct accessibility to the maternity ward to assemble information. No matter your age or fitness level, you're eventually likely to require the help of someone within the medical care market. Mental wellness and bad housing.

AP Spanish Language Sample Essay - Preparing For The Essay

AP Spanish Language Sample Essay - Preparing For The EssayBefore doing a persuasive essay, be sure to do some research on the topic that you are writing about. The AP Spanish Language Sample essays guide can help you do just that.The writers of such large amounts of data use different styles. If you choose the wrong style for your essay, you will not get the best results from your essay. It is therefore important that you do your research before writing. By doing your research, you will be sure to have an essay that is persuasive and interesting.Just as important as researching is making sure that you correctly spell and punctuate your sentences. In addition, you need to make sure that you accurately state your ideas in the correct format. The grammar and sentence structure of the language you are writing will make all the difference between an acceptable and a poor essay. If your essay has poor grammar and sentence structure, it will be hard to read. And if it is hard to read, no on e will really be able to benefit from it.There are many cases where the writers have grammatical errors. In these cases, it is better to rewrite the essay as an answer, rather than trying to keep it as it is. Another good reason to rewrite the essay as an answer is to make it accurate. Most of the time, people do not notice the grammatical mistakes that they have made, when writing an essay for an exam.If you think that it is wise to be able to go back and check and review your essay, then it is best to go for the AP Spanish Language Sample courses. These courses allow you to review your essay at your convenience. As long as you are familiar with the AP subject test, you will be able to answer the questions correctly. In addition, you will be able to see your essay without formatting it.When you receive the test, you will find that there are many questions that you need to answer. In order to help you prepare for this task, there are question banks, which contain multiple choice que stions.When preparing for a persuasive essay, you must decide on the best format for your essay. It is best to find a format that can make the best use of the spaces that you have available. It is also advisable to choose a format that allows you to express yourself fully.This is how you can prepare for the AP Spanish Language Sample. You need to learn the rules of grammar, spelling and punctuation and you need to review your essay to make sure that you understand them. After completing the review, you can then write a good-quality essay.

Data Provenance in E-Learning Essay Example

Data Provenance in E-Learning Essay We live in an information age, where the volume of data processed by humans and organizations increases exponentially by grid middleware and availability of huge storage capacity. So, Data management comprises all the disciplines related to managing data as a valuable resource. The openness of the Web and the ease to combine linked data from different sources creates new challenges. Systems that consume linked data must evaluate quality and trustworthiness of the data.A common approach for data quality assessment is the analysis of provenance information. [1] Data provenance, one kind of Meta data, relate to the transformational workflows of a data products (files, tables and virtual collections) starting from its original sources. Meta Data refers to â€Å"Data about Data†. The workflows can generate huge amount of data with rich Meta data in order to understand and reuse the data. Data provenance techniques used in e-science projects, e learning environment, etc. E-learning can be difficult to understand because different authors use the term differently.E-learning is a new education idea by using the Internet technology, it delivers the digital content, provides a learner-orient environment for the teachers and students. This definition extends the environment on the Internet. We mean that the Internet provides a learning environment for the students and teachers. This environment is learner-oriented, so we can throw out the thoughts of traditionally teacher-centre’s instruction in classroom. 2. E- Learning in Detail 2. 1 ‘E’ side of E-Learning As it apparently seems, the word can be thought of having two different sides. E’ side and ‘Learning’ side are the elements which construct this norm. ‘E’ side has more impact in the idea of E-Learning. Just for a look, it might give the explanation as ‘electronic’. But in this phenomena, ideas are broad considering different aspects of electroni c technologies. Normally in an e-learning environment, Store, access and use of information occurs seamlessly. This needs to be addressed indicating different technologies/products. That might include operating systems (Windows, Mac OS, etc) , standalone applications (word processor, excel , etc) and any other web applications.In fact, this different products/technologies collaboratively build the norm of virtual learning environment. So, rather than just think of ‘e’ as electronics, above given factors should come into the mind to fix the ‘e’ side with learning aspects. Science of e-learning involves investigation about how people learn in e-learning environments. This subsequently results in three elements such as 1) evidence 2) theory 3) applications. And now, there is a question of what the e-learning is. It is approached to answer the question by considering what, how, why of e-learning keywords.Definition derived from this, may rise doubt whether e-le arning would fulfill the conventional learning. But the fact is always there that as long as same instructional methods are used to convey the contents, medium doesnt come into any concern. When presenting multimedia materials in e-learning environments, there are concerns of how it is to be presented as there are lots of methods like words, pictures, narrations and more. The article goes through nine effects: modality effect, contiguity effect, multimedia effect, personalization effect, coherence effect, redundancy effect, pretraining effect, signaling effect, and pacing effect.Each of which explains an efficient way of presenting materials within their context. When the theory for science of e-learning is considered, it depicts that the process of meaningful learning from multimedia involves five cognitive processes: selecting words, selecting images, organizing words, organizing images, and integrating. Efficient learning happens when e-learning environments adapt and enable thes e processes. Finally, applications for science of e-learning is built combining evidence and theory in a practical manner. It is concluded that even the e-learning moves beyond multimedia contents, this three elements are required. 3] E-learning can be divided into four categories learning theories, based on demands of learner, technology form and content to be formed. Andragogy is the term used for learning of adults. Adult usually self-directed, they take responsibility for their learning. So theory of andragogy instructs us that the best way to assist adults in E-learning. Problem based learning is about teaching adults is to provide them with the tools they information and tools they Need to solve problems and to provide these in the proper sequence, level of depth, and format to maximize their usefulness.Teaching can only take place in same place and same time. But E-learning can be seen in four basic situations such same time, place (traditional classroom), same time different place, same place different time and different time different place. The environment of e-learning can be divided into several component environments. Information development meta-environment deals with making of plans for informing clients. The delivery environment is concerned with the available ICT as well as the packaging of the information into the optimal sequence and media for the target learner.The information using environment contains the experts on the topics being taught and the students who wish to learn this information. These three environments are distinct from each other. Associating and storing metadata about the learning object with the learning object makes it possible for a course designer to search for and locate existing learning objects. For this to work, those objects must be stored in an accessible location and form. Such locations are called Learning Object Repositories. There are two types of repositories; first type only contains etadata of the learning objects and actual learning objects saved on various locations. Second type is both Meta data and actual learning objects saved on same place. Learning Content Management System (LCMS) is used for a system that is more capable than a simple Learning Object Repository. This term commonly used for system that supports authoring combined with learning object repository and tools for delivering the object to students and administrative tools. And learning space contains multiple databases and multiple participants.These participants restricted to some databases based on their responsibility in the system. [4] 2. 2 Different modes of E-learning: Research paper [5] has mentioned different modes of e-learning has following. E-learning can be used in educational system in many ways. As a matter of importance of incorporating e-learning strategies into formal educational system, many approaches/techniques have been recommended from time to time. The following are a few that are quite releva nt in a particular educational setting. 2. 2. 1 Blended learning It is a concept which is of quite recent origin.It is nice amalgam of formal teaching/learning mode with distance/e-learning strategies in order to facilitate the target learner. Some particular examples of blended learning benefits include an increase in the number of students feeling and an increase in student support and consequently improved student retention rates. 2. 2. 2 Self-learning The novel idea of ‘self-learning’ received due attention recently. Both the teachers/guides and the students usually interact via mail. Classroom teaching has become little passive, however its importance can never be minimized for many genuine reasons.Devices like Communication technologies are generally employed which categorized as asynchronous or synchronous activities. Asynchronous activities use technologies such as blogs, wikis, and discussion boards. The idea here is that participants may engage in the exchange of ideas or information without the dependency of other participants’ involvement at the same time. Synchronous activities involve the exchange of ideas and information with one or more participants during the same period of time. A face to face discussion is an example of synchronous communications.Synchronous activities occur with all participants joining in at once, as with an online chat session or a virtual classroom or meeting. 2. 2. 3 Personalized learning It is a personalized-based unique learning mode reflecting differences in learners. Personalized learning has always been the burning research issues in the area of E-learning throughout the recent past. In E-learning, the following issues are emphasized: individual differences such as capacities, learning background, learning styles, learning objectives, and the changing states of individual knowledge in learning process.So E-learning in these trends attempt to provide a personalized learning which includes persona lised material, personalized objectives and personalised process. 3. Data Provenance in Detail Provenance information about a data item is information about the history of the item, starting from its creation, including information about its origins. Provenance can be distinguished into two granularities those are: workflow (or coarse-grained) provenance and data (or fine-grained) provenance. Workflow provenance represents â€Å"the entire history of the derivation of the final output of a workflow†.Data provenance, in contrast, provides a more detailed view on the derivation of single pieces of data. There is a provenance model that captures both, information about Web-based data access as well as information about the creation of data. [1] A digital object’s provenance (also referred to as audit trail and lineage) contains information about both the process and data used to derive the object. Provenance also provides documentation that’s vital to preserving da ta, determining the data’s quality and authorship, and reproducing as well as validating results. 20] Provenance in the context of workflows, both for the data they derive and for their specification, is an essential component to allow for result reproducibility, sharing, and knowledge re-use in the scientific community. [6] Scientists and engineers need to expend substantial effort managing data and recording provenance information. They support the automation of repetitive tasks, but they can also capture complex analysis processes at various levels of detail and systematically capture provenance information for the derived data products.It provides important documentation that is key to preserving the data, to determining the data’s quality and authorship, and to reproduce as well as validate the results. Workflow and workflow-based systems have emerged as an alternative to ad-hoc approaches for constructing computational scientific experiments. Workflow systems hel p scientists conceptualize and manage the analysis process, support scientists by allowing the creation and reuse of analysis tasks, aid in the discovery process by managing the data used and generated at each step, and systematically record provenance information for later use.Workflow systems have a number of advantages for constructing and managing computational tasks compared to programs and scripts. They provide a simple programming model whereby a sequence of tasks is composed by connecting the outputs of one task to the inputs of another. Furthermore, workflow systems often provide intuitive visual programming interfaces, which make them more suitable for users who do not have substantial programming expertise. Workflows also have an explicit structure. They can be viewed as graphs, where nodes represent processes (or modules) and edges capture the flow of data between the processes.The benefits of structure are well-known when it comes to exploring data. There are two basic views of provenance such as source provenance and transformation provenance. Provenance recording can be classified as lazy (inversion) and eager (annotation). Some address provenance in the context of services and workflow management. The myGrid system [SRG03] provides middleware for biological experiments represented as workflows. Chimera offers a Virtual Data Catalog for provenance information. The topic of provenance for relational databases was first discussed in the context of visualization.Trio is a database system for handling uncertain data and provenance. Provenance is related to data annotation. Annotation systems like DB-Notes and MONDRIAN enable a user to annotate a data item with an arbitrary number of notes. [10] The three main categories of the provenance scheme mentioned in the report are provenance model, query and manipulation functionality, and storage model and recording strategy. [2] â€Å"In query provenance, the word ‘query inversion’ is one of the method for identify provenance by inverting the original query†. Provenance can be characterized related to view maintenance and truth maintenance.View maintenance about, when the source of the database changes we would like to recomputed the view without recomputing whole query. Truth maintenance is about what is in the database. Query inversion method is problematic in updating and captures other languages and data models[7]. The provenance of a data item can be divided into the two parts transformation provenance and source provenance. Source provenance can be classified as original source, contributing source and input source. An important part of the provenance model is the world model, which could be either closed or open.In a closed world model the provenance management system controls transformations and data items. Contrary in an open world model the provenance management system has no or only limited control over the executed transformations and data items. [6] I n research paper [10] authors have mentioned two distinct forms of provenance prospective and retrospective. Prospective provenance captures the specification of a computational task; it corresponds to the steps that need to be followed to generate a data product or class of data products.Retrospective provenance captures the steps that were executed as well as information about the execution environment used to derive a specific data product; a detailed log of the execution of a computational task. If a provenance management system handles transformations at various levels of detail, it should provenance mechanisms for merging multiple transformations into one transformation and split a complex transformation into a sequence or graph of simpler transformations. Storage strategy describes the relationship between the provenance data and the data which is the target of provenance recording.There are three principal storage strategies: the no-coupling, the tight-coupling and the loose -coupling recording strategy. [10] Provenance systems can support a number of uses such as data quality, audit trail, replication recipes, attribution and informational perspective. Provenance information can be collected about different resources in the data processing systems such as data-oriented or process-oriented and the granularity at which it is collected such as fine grain or coarse grain.The cost of collecting and storing provenance can be inversely proportional to its granularity. There a lot of techniques to represent provenance information, specially annotation and inversion. Annotation is a form of representation in that provenance is pre-computed and readily usable as meta-data. The inversion method uses the property by which some derivations can be inverted to find the input data supplied to them to derive the output data. There is no Meta data standard for lineage representation across disciplines due to the diverse needs.So, many current provenance systems use synt actic information, semantic information and contextual information for representation. When it comes to the storage, the manner in which the provenance metadata is stored is important to its scalability. Management of provenance incurs cost for its collection and storage. Less frequently used information can be archived to reduce the storage overhead or a demand supply model based on usefulness can retain provenance for those frequently used.The most common way of disseminating provenance data is through a derivation graph that users can browse and inspect. There are a lot of popular surveyed data provenance techniques such as Chimera, myGRID, CMCS, ESSW and Trio which focus on characteristics like applied domain, workflow type, use of provenance, subject, granularity, representation scheme, semantic info, storage repository, user overhead, scalability addressed and dissemination. [2]Teaching is one of the killer applications of provenance-enabled workflow systems, in particular, fo r courses which have a strong data exploration component such as data mining and visualization. By using a provenance-enabled tool in class, an instructor can keep detailed record of all the steps she tried while responding to students questions; and after the class, all these results and their provenance can be made available to students. For assignments, students can turn the detailed provenance of their work, showing all the steps they followed to solve a problem.Provenance of Electronic Data, In a practical situation, e-science end users would be able to reproduce their results by replaying previous computational model, understand why two seemingly indistinguishable processing with the same inputs produce different results, and decide which data sets, algorithms, were involved in their derivation and analysis for deviation. Same thing apply for the provenance of electronic data. Process documentation is to electronic data what a record of ownership is to a work of art. So Proces s documentation for many applications cannot be produced in a single. Application Performance depend on documentation.They have identified various kind of p assertions which are simple pieces of documentation produced by services autonomously. Next important thing after Process Documentation in provenance is querying. Provenance queries are user-tailored queries over process documentation aimed at obtaining the provenance of electronic data. Last part of the article illustrates the Organ Transplant Management (OTM) system in health care. OTM consists of a composite process involving the surgery itself, along with such activities as data collection and patient organ analysis that must comply with a set of regulatory rules.OTM is supported by an IT infrastructure for data maintenance. [8] By making OTM provenance-aware, powerful queries can be processed without provenance awareness. Many complex decisions are made using Data provenance. For instance whether or not to donate an organ. Moreover the article speaks about existing system in data provenance. Virtual Data System and myGrid are scientific workflows that provide support for provenance. The Provenance Aware Storage System developed at Harvard University is designed to automatically produce documentation of execution by capturing file system events in an operating system. 8] 3. 1 Functional Requirements for Information Resource Provenance on the Web Before we consider about Data provenance model, Let consider the web architecture to representation Information Resource Provenance . Http protocol plays an important in the Web. Http transaction can be interpreted as many ways. At a low level perspective, a physical stream of bit is transmitted between clients and server. At a higher level perspective, those bits stream is interpreted as a message with specific bit pattern. Moreover, the architecture of the Web(WWW) defines the relation between URLs(ex: http://weather. xample. com/oaxaca) , Recourses(ex :Oaxac a Weather Report) ,Representation(ex: . html, . xml, . RDF and JSON format) . Different request for the Same recourse can return a variety of format representation such as HTML, XML ,etc.. This leads us to define standard for every format. W3C recommendations relating to how URIs ,XML entities and RDF resources are related. So from this definition, one resource may be returned for a URL and that the exact nature of this resource can be unpredictable. 3. 1. 1 The Semiotics of HTTP URLs The dereferencing of a URL can be mapped to a semiotic interpretation.Ogden and Richards’ Semiotic Triangle model explains how real world objects are related to symbols and how people think about those objects from a linguistic perspective. | |[pic] | | Symbol : URL : http://www. weather. gov/xml/current obs/KBOS. xml Referent: Recourse : the document ’/xml/current obs/KBOS. xml’ Representation :xml format 3. 1. 1 FRBR and FRIR FRBR is a conceptual model that relates user tasks of retrieval and access in library catalogues and bibliographic databases from a user’s perspective.It is not follow the new cataloguing rules and standard. library science community that distinguishes four aspects of an author’s literary work, ranging from purely concrete to completely abstract. For example, FRBR can describe how different copies of the same book, or different editions of the book, relate to each other. The most real aspect is the Item – the physical book that exists in the world. Functional Requirements for Information Resources It extends the use of following form 1. frbr: Work remains a distinct intellectual or artistic creation and corresponds to the Resource or Referent in the semiotic framework. . frbr: Expression 3. frbr: Manifestation 4. frbr: Item to electronic resources, FRIR also integrates FRBR with the W3C Provenance Ontology (PROV-O). FRIR has two levels of cryptographically computable which are content and message. 3. 1. 3 HTTP with FRBR, FRIR, and PROV-O If a client asks an HTTP server for a mime type at a URL, the server can respond with many different possible file formats. For an example If the client asks for plain txt format , the server will try to find the best way of representation content. 1. URL denotes a single : frbr: Work. 2. Same content regardless of format frbr : Expression. content digest) 3. The bit of sequence of a file aligns frbr: Manifestation. (message digest) 4. Files on disk or data as streamed over a network connection frbr: Items (transaction digest) 3. 2 Different views of Provenance Data provenance may be collected and reconstructed from different orchestration and execution frameworks. The provenance collection mechanism provides a natural â€Å"grouping† structure for representing provenance. However, it present provenance from the perspective of the â€Å"composer† of the workflow rather than the â€Å"consumer† of the provenance.The view of the provenance should be based on current task at the time and interest in that task. Different users may interest in different view of the provenance. For example we take business managers and engineers. Business managers may only interest in high level view of data. But most commonly engineers are interested in detailed step in provenance. [17] 3. 2. 1 Example for Different provenance Consumers In this they used an example scenario to express different provenance consuming type of users. They took power consumption forecast workflows as their example scenario.In this scenario there are three kind of consuming users: the software architect, the data analyst, and the campus facility operator. So they need different provenance model for each of them. The word â€Å"quality impact†, which indicates how the quality of a process affects the output quality, is then used to guide users on what processes and data objects they need to exercise more quality control upon. 3. 2. 2 An Apropos Presentat ion view Generally we use two kind classifications of approaches for determine suitable presentation view of the provenance: decomposition approach and clustering approach.Decomposition method is well suited for presence of granularities clearly defined in the provenance model. In each individual activity in the workflow, we identify the most appropriate presentation granularity to satisfy the usage requirement and to meet the user’s interest. When granular levels are not specified clear, clustering approach will be used. This approach incrementally clusters the initial fine-grained provenance information so that groups of low-level provenance nodes are combined and replaced by new higher-level nodes. This strategy needs to identify what grained provenance can be composite into module. . 3 Models for Data Provenance Sixteen team is divided and assigned to challenges and they had to submit their input for analysis provenance challenges. First provenance challenge was setup a f orum based system for the community to understand the capabilities of different provenance system and display how their provenance representation. Back end, a Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging workflow(FMRI) was define, which participants had to either simulate or run in order to produce some provenance representation, from which a set of identified queries had to be implemented and executed. 9] This article discuss about FMRI in more depth of technical aspect. I would like to explain this concept in simple point of view. For an example take different point of new brain images as input to the FMRI work flow . FMRI unified different brain images to produce the single reference image. In addition to the FMRI workflow, the challenge specified an initial set of provenance-related queries. Sixteen team analysis contribution to the provenance challenges. They introduce a classification of the different approaches of provenance systems. which are Characteristics of Provenance Systems E xecution Environment ? Representation Technology ? Query Language ? Research Emphasis ? Challenge Implementation Properties of Provenance Representation ? Includes Workflow Representation ? Data Derivation vs. Causal Flow of Events ? Annotations ? Abstraction mechanisms. An approach to model provenance on a more detailed level is the Open Provenance Model. [1] The Open Provenance Model represents provenance by graphs. The nodes in these graph represent the artifacts, processes, and agents. The edges are directed and they have a predefined semantic depending on the type of the adjacent nodes.Provenance research in the context of databases or in the context of workflows usually focuses on the creation of data items. To represent the provenance of data from the Web we need an additional dimension. Provenance information of Web data must comprise the aspect of publishing and accessing data on the Web. In research paper [21] authors have proposed a quality assessment methodology that mea sures information quality in four quadrants: soundness, dependability, usefulness, and usable information. Each quadrant comprises several information quality criteria.For example security and timeliness would be used to measure the dependability of an information. Provenance information are used for various purposes. Purposes like the estimation of data quality, the tracing of audit trails of data, the repetition of data derivations, the determination of liabilities, and the discovery of data. In the provenance model mentioned in [12],[1] they broadly distinguish three types of provenance elements. The provenance elements represent pieces of provenance information; such an element can be the creator of a specific data item in which case this element is an instance of the data creator type.The three types of provenance elements used in the model are actors, executions, and artifacts. An actor generally performs the execution of an action or a process which in most cases yields an ar tifact such as a specific dataset. An execution may include the use of artifacts which, in turn, might be the result of another execution. The central element type in data creation is the data creation execution. Data creations represent the execution of actions or processes that create new data items. Thus, in the provenance graph of a specific data item actual data creations are represented by provenance elements of the data creation type.All data creations have a creation time and use a method. Data creators, created data item, source data, and creation guidelines are the provenance elements that are part of a data creation. Data creators are actors that perform the data creation. This model has the ability to distinguish human and non-human data creators. Human data creators, called data creating entities, are persons, groups, organizations, etc. Non-human creators are data creating devices such as sensors and data creating services such as software agents, reasoners, query engi nes, or workflow engines.Source data is often used by data creator to create new data. Examples for source data are the content of a document used for machine learning, the entries in a database used to answer a query, and the statements in a knowledge base used to entail a new statement. Other artifacts that may be used in a data creation are the creation guidelines, it is used for guiding the execution of the data creation. Examples for creation guidelines are mapping definitions, transformation rules, database queries and entailment rules. The data access centers on data access executions.Data accessors perform data access executions to retrieve data items contained in documents from a provider on the Web. To enable a detailed representation of providers the model describe in paper[12] distinguishes data providing services that process data access requests and send the documents over the Web, data publishers who use data providing services to publish their data, and service provi ders who operate data providing services. Furthermore, the model represents the execution of integrity verifications of artifacts and the results.A system that uses Web data must access this data from a provider on the Web. Information about this process and about the providers is important for a representation of provenance that aims to support the assessment of data qualities. Data published on the Web is embedded in a host artifact, usually a document. Following the terminology of the W3C Technical Architecture Group we call this artifact an information resource. Each information resource has a type, e. g. , it is an RDF document or an HTML document. The data accessor, retrieves information resources from a provider.Their provenance model allows a detailed representation of providers by distinguishing data providing services, data publishers, and service providers. [1] In paper [12] a provenance graph has represented as a tuple (PE; R; type; attr) where, ? PE denotes the set of p rovenance elements in the graph, ? R [pic] PE X PE X RN denotes the labeled edges in the graph where RN is the set of relationship names as introduced by our provenance model, ? type : PE ; ? (T) is a mapping that associates each provenance element with its types where T is the set of element types as introduced by our provenance model attr : PE ; ? (A X V ) is a mapping that associates each provenance element with additional properties represented by attribute-value pairs where A is a set of available attributes and V is a set of values They didn’t specify the sets A and V any further because the available possible values,attributes, and the meaning of these depend on the use case. However, they introduced an abbreviated notation to refer to the target of an edge in a provenance graph: if (p? 1; p? 2; rn) [pic] R we write p? 1 [pic] = p? 2. 3. 4 Using Data Provenance for Quality AssessmentFor assessment of the quality of data, we need to find out the information types that c an be used for evaluating and a methodology for calculating quality attributes. In this research paper they have introduce a provenance model custom-made to the needs for tracing and tracking provenance information about Web data. This model describes about the creation of a data item and the provenance information about who made the data to be accessed through the Web. Most of the existing approaches for information quality assessment are based on the information provided by users.Quantitative approach described in the research paper [12] follows three steps: ? Collecting the quality attributes which are needed for provenance information ? Making decision on the influence of these attributes on the assessment ? Application of a function to compute the quality In this paper author has described information quality as a combined value of multiple quality attributes, such as accuracy, completeness, believability, and timeliness. The assessment method described in the paper [12] follow s three steps. Those are, 1. Generate a provenance graph for the data item; . Annotate the provenance graph with impact values; 3. Calculate an IQ-score for